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concept of form and space

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1 concept of form and space

concept of form and space

n
концепция (архитектурных) форм и пространства

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > concept of form and space
2 concept of form and space

1) Строительство: концепция форм и пространства

2) Архитектура: концепция архитектурных форм и пространств

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > concept of form and space
3 concept of form and space

концепция (архитектурных) форм и пространства

Англо-русский строительный словарь > concept of form and space
4 concept

concept

n
понятие; концепция; решение, замысел

- concept of form and space
- architectural concept
- autostress concept
- basic concepts
- design concept
- fundamental concept
- initial design concept
- multifunctional concept
- overall architectural concept of the project
- planning concept
- structural concept
- structural-spacial concept
- technological concepts

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > concept
5 concept

= conception

концепция, решение

- concept of architectural space
- design concept - functional concept
* * *

понятие; концепция; решение, замысел
- concept of form and space
- architectural concept
- autostress concept
- basic concepts
- design concept
- fundamental concept
- initial design concept
- multifunctional concept
- overall architectural concept of the project
- planning concept
- structural concept
- structural-spacial concept
- technological concepts

Англо-русский строительный словарь > concept
6 form

1. n форма; внешний вид; очертание

without shape or form — бесформенный

in any shape or form — в любом виде

in the form of a cube — в форме куба

work-and-tumble form — форма для печатания со своим оборотом

signature of a quadratic form — сигнатура квадратичной формы

normalized form — нормализованная форма; нормализованный вид

form transporter — тележка для транспортировки печатных форм

analytic form — аналитическая форма; аналитическое выражение

2. n фигура

well-proportioned form — пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура

3. n обличье

Proteus was able to appear in the form of any animal — Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного

4. n стать

5. n форма, вид

literary form — литературная форма

in tabular form — в виде таблицы

in the form of a sonnet — в форме сонета

in the form of a drama — в драматической форме

tooth form — форма зуба

form of combat — вид боя

form tie — обвязка формы

in the form of — в форме

long form — полная форма

6. n вид, разновидность; тип

forms of animal and vegetable life — формы животной и растительной жизни

balance sheets in account form — отчеты в виде счета

closed form solution — решение в аналитическом виде

displacement form — обводы водоизмещающего типа

tree form proof — доказательство в виде дерева

data in graph form — данные в виде графиков

7. n стиль, манера

his form in swimming is bad — он плавает плохо

poor form — нарушение стиля

form break — нарушение стиля

form work — работа над стилем исполнения

bad form — невоспитанность, вульгарность, плохие манеры

8. n состояние; форма; готовность

to round into form — приобретать спортивную форму

was in bad competition form — был в плохой спортивной форме

to distribute ink over the form — накатать краску на форму

regular form of marriage — законная форма вступления в брак

propeller form parameter — коэффициент формы гребного винта

multiple copy business form — многолистная конторская форма

9. n настроение, душевное состояние

Jack was in great form at the dinner party — Джек был в приподнятом настроении на званом обеде

crude form — необработанное состояние

diluted form — разбавленное состояние

undiluted form — неразбавленное состояние

suspended form — суспендированное состояние

10. n формальность; проформа

to attach importance to forms — придавать значение формальностям

11. n церемония, порядок

in due form — по всем правилам

in the form of order — в приказном порядке

in the prescribed form — в установленном порядке

12. n установившаяся форма выражения; формула

the form of greeting — формула приветствия

conjuctive normal form — конъюктивная нормальная форма; КНФ

to divorce form from matter — отрывать форму от содержания

to assume the original form — принять первоначальную форму

stripped a form — освободил форму от пробельного материала

manually maintained form — форма немашинизированного учета

13. n класс

upper forms — старшие классы

fifth form — пятый класс

first form — первый класс

sixth form — шестой класс

form class — формальный класс

fourth form — четвёртый класс

14. n форма, бланк, образец; анкета

printed form — печатный бланк

a form for a deed — бланк для соглашения

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

strip a form — освобождать форму от пробельного материала

form truck — тележка для перевозки тяжелых шрифтовых форм

chargeback form — бланк распоряжения на возвратный платеж

two-up form — сдвоенная форма с одинаковым спуском полос

15. n нора

16. n грам. форма слова

implicative normal form — импликативная нормальная форма

disjunctive normal form — дизъюнктивная нормальная форма

combination form of virus — комбинированная форма вируса

carbonized form — конторская форма с копировальным слоем

snap-apart business form — «отрывная» конторская форма

17. n спец. форма исполнения

rondo form — форма рондо

growth form — форма роста

ice form — форма для льда

test form — пробная форма

arrest form — форма ареста

18. n спец. модель, тип, образец; торговый сорт

purchase order form — бланк торгового заказа

buoyant form — обводы водоизмещающего типа

planing form — обводы глиссирующего типа

form of government — образ правления

19. n спец. тех. форма для литья

form resistance — сопротивление формы

full size form — полноформатная форма

granular form — гранулированная форма

multilinear form — полилинейная форма

powdered form — порошкообразная форма

20. n спец. полигр. печатная форма

liquid form — жидкая форма

solid form — твердая форма

song form — песенная форма

form c relay — реле формы С

ganged form — сборная форма

21. n спец. стр. форма; опалубка

form removal — распалубка

description form — описательная форма

dropping the form — расключение формы

form face — рабочая поверхность формы

form of warfare — форма ведения войны

prevailing form — преобладающая форма

22. n спец. выражение

analytical form — аналитическое выражение

mathematical form — аналитическое выражение

23. v придавать форму, вид

to form a piece of wood into a certain shape — придавать куску дерева определённую форму

pure form — очищенный вид

in any form — в любой форме

latent form — скрытая форма

life form — жизненная форма

norm form — норменная форма

24. v принимать форму, вид

object form — форма объекта

on-line form — исходный вид

smooth form — гладкая форма

active form — активная форма

bound form — связанная форма

25. v составлять, образовывать; формировать

these parts together form a perfect whole — эти части образуют вместе гармоничное целое

the rain formed large pools on the lawn — от дождя на газоне образовались большие лужи

form the government — сформировать правительство

to form the government — сформировать правительство

form public opinion — формировать общественное мнение

form a joint venture — формировать совместное предприятие

26. v образовываться; формироваться

crystals formed in the retort — в реторте образовались кристаллы

form an angle with — образовывать угол

form the instruction — формировать команду

27. v грам. образовывать

to form the plural of a noun — образовать множественное число существительного

28. v создавать, составлять; формулировать

to form an idea — создавать себе представление

to form an opinion — составить мнение

form an union — создавать союз

form an alliance — создавать союз

form a pivot — создавать опорный район

29. v возникать, оформляться

the idea slowly formed in my mind — эта мысль постепенно становилась у меня более отчётливой

30. v представлять собой; являться

chocolate forms a wholesome substitute for staple food — шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания

31. v тренировать, дисциплинировать; воспитывать; развивать

to form the mind — развивать ум

to form the character — воспитывать характер

32. v формировать, организовывать; образовывать, создавать

to form a class for beginners — создать группу начинающих

to form an army — формировать армию

to form a government — формировать правительство

to form a society — организовывать общество

to form a ministry — сформировать кабинет

33. v воен. строить

to form a column — вытягиваться в колонну

form up — строиться

to form a crowd into rank — построить толпу

to form a guard of honour — выстроить почётный караул

34. v воен. строиться

35. v спец. формовать

36. v спец. сад. обрезать, подвергать обрезке; формировать крону

забираться, забиваться в нору

to form and display an intention — сформировать и обнаружить намерение, умысел

Синонимический ряд:

1. appearance (noun) appearance; body; build; cast; configuration; conformation; cut; figure; format; framework; matrix; plan; shape; structure; style

2. business form (noun) application; blank; business form; document; duplicate; paper; questionnaire; report

3. ceremony (noun) ceremonial; ceremony; conformity; formality; liturgy; rite; ritual; rule

4. convenance (noun) convenance; convention; usage

5. formula (noun) approach; formula; method; mode; practice; procedure; system

6. group (noun) assemblage; group; organisation; organization

7. kind (noun) arrangement; kind; manner; sort; type

8. model (noun) model; mold; mould; pattern

9. order (noun) condition; fitness; order; trim

10. acquire (verb) acquire; contract; develop

11. arrange (verb) arrange; combine; dispose; order; organise; organize; systematise; systematize

12. cast (verb) carve; cast; chisel; construct; contrive; design; devise; fashion; frame; mold; pattern

13. make (verb) assemble; build; compose; comprise; constitute; create; erect; fabricate; forge; invent; make; make up; manufacture; originate; produce; put together; shape

14. model (verb) model; mould; shape

15. teach (verb) discipline; educate; instruct; rear; teach; train

Антонимический ряд:

damage; defacement; deform; deformity; demolish; derange; destroy; devastate; disarrange; disintegrate; dislocate; dismantle; dismember

English-Russian base dictionary > form
7 concept

понятие; концепция; решение, замысел

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

architectural concept — архитектурное решение; архитектурный замысел

autostress concept — концепция самонапряжения

basic concepts — основные понятия

design concept — проектный замысел

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

initial design concept — начальный проектный замысел

multifunctional concept — многофункциональное решение

overall architectural concept of the project — общее архитектурное решение объекта строительства

planning concept — планировочное решение

structural concept — конструктивное решение

fragrance concept — парфюмерная концепция

operational concept — оперативный замысел

original concept — оригинальная концепция

technical concept — техническая концепция

concept of imputation — концепция вменения

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > concept
8 form

1. форма; вид; очертание

tooth form — форма зуба

form of combat — вид боя

form tie — обвязка формы

in the form of — в форме

long form — полная форма

2. формуляр; бланк; форма

form sheet — формуляр

check form — бланк чека

business form — формуляр

rondo form — форма рондо

bill form — бланк векселя

3. формат

growth form — форма роста

ice form — форма для льда

ionic form — ионная форма

arrest form — форма ареста

liquid form — жидкая форма

4. оригинал

in bookish form — в форме книги

in roll form — в форме рулона

to drop a form — расключать печатную форму

form of letterpress printing — форма высокой печати

form of planographic printing — форма плоской печати

accounting form — бланк бухгалтерской документации

bank form — банковский бланк

billing form — расчётно-учётная банковская форма

form selection — выбор оригинала

form feeder — устройство для подачи оригинала

5. конторская форма; формуляр; бланк

blank form — чистый бланк

form feed — подача бланков

solid form — твердая форма

song form — песенная форма

waste form — форма отходов

6. форма для печатания деловых бумаг

carbon-interleaved forms — конторские формы, переложенные копировальной бумагой

carbonized form — конторская форма с копировальным слоем

carbonless business form — конторская форма с безугольным копировальным слоем

casting form — изложница, литейная форма

chromium-plated form — хромированная форма

collated business forms — подобранные конторские формы

complaint form — бланк жалобы

form c relay — реле формы С

in any form — в любой форме

latent form — скрытая форма

life form — жизненная форма

norm form — норменная форма

7. «бесконечная» форма; формы, смонтированные на бесконечной ленте

object form — форма объекта

smooth form — гладкая форма

active form — активная форма

bound form — связанная форма

form of law — правовая форма

8. бесконечная конторская форма, бесконечный формуляр

continuous stationary business form — бесконечная конторская форма, бесконечный формуляр

signature of a quadratic form — сигнатура квадратичной формы

normalized form — нормализованная форма; нормализованный вид

form transporter — тележка для транспортировки печатных форм

analytic form — аналитическая форма; аналитическое выражение

was in bad competition form — был в плохой спортивной форме

9. круглый стереотип

10. изогнутая печатная форма

custom form — формуляр, изготовленный на заказ

to distribute ink over the form — накатать краску на форму

regular form of marriage — законная форма вступления в брак

propeller form parameter — коэффициент формы гребного винта

conjuctive normal form — конъюктивная нормальная форма; КНФ

to divorce form from matter — отрывать форму от содержания

11. клише

12. страница

cut form — страница

top of form — начало страницы

cut form feeder — автоподача страниц

13. листовая бумага

hardware form feed — аппаратный узел подачи листов бумаги

cut form feeder — самонаклад для подачи листов

14. смешанная печатная форма

dead form — использованная форма

dressed form — форма после обкладки; форма, готовая к заключке

first form — форма, включающая первую страницу листа

flat form — плоская печатная форма

full size form — полноформатная форма

ganged form — сборная форма; форма, состоящая из нескольких самостоятельных изображений

inked form — форма, несущая слой краски

inner form — форма для печатания на оборотной стороне

multilinear form — полилинейная форма

powdered form — порошкообразная форма

prevailing form — преобладающая форма

book entry form — книжная форма записи

curved form — изогнутая печатная форма

15. текстовая форма

to assume the original form — принять первоначальную форму

stripped a form — освободил форму от пробельного материала

manually maintained form — форма немашинизированного учета

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

strip a form — освобождать форму от пробельного материала

16. графическая форма буквы

letterpress printing form — форма высокой печати

master form — эталонная печатная форма

multiple copy business form — многослойная конторская форма

naked form — полоса набора, освобождённая от пробельного материала

outer form — форма для печатания на лицевой стороне

outside form — тетрадь, получаемая при фальцовке двух листов последовательно один за другим

planographic printing form — форма плоской печати

postal form — почтовый бланк

preprinted business form — предварительно отпечатанная конторская форма

purchase order form — бланк торгового заказа

relief form — форма высокой печати

round form — круглая печатная форма, круглый стереотип

rule form — форма для печатания табличных линеек

sales record form — бланк торгово-расчётного документа

sheetwise form — сфальцованная тетрадь, получаемая при альбомном варианте раскладки

single cut form — бланк с переменной информацией

skeleton form — форма для контурной краски

snap-apart business form — «отрывная» конторская форма

split-color form — цветоделённая форма

spot carbonized form — конторская форма с копировальным слоем, нанесёнными на отдельные её участки

subscription form — подписная квитанция

tabular form — форма для печатания таблиц

test form — тест-форма, пробная форма

form face — рабочая поверхность формы

form of warfare — форма ведения войны

form resistance — сопротивление формы

granular form — гранулированная форма

form filling — забивание краской формы

17. текстовая печатная форма

hydroxide form anton resin — гидроксильная форма анионита

form truck — тележка для перевозки тяжелых шрифтовых форм

two-up form — сдвоенная форма с одинаковым спуском полос

implicative normal form — импликативная нормальная форма

disjunctive normal form — дизъюнктивная нормальная форма

18. начертание шрифта

work-and-tumble form — форма для печатания со своим оборотом

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > form
9 concept

n понятие, идея, общее представление; концепция

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

primitive concept — элементарное понятие; концепт-примитив

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

maintenance concept — концепция технического обслуживания

Синонимический ряд:

theory (noun) abstraction; apprehension; belief; conceit; conception; idea; image; impression; inspiration; intellection; notion; opinion; perception; philosophy; theory; thought

English-Russian base dictionary > concept
10 concept

концепция; концептуальный

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

maintenance concept — концепция технического обслуживания

concept of full employment — концепция полной занятости

English-Russian big medical dictionary > concept
11 concept

принцип; понятие; концепция; представление; подход

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

primitive concept — элементарное понятие; концепт-примитив

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

building-block concept — блочный принцип конструирования

systems concept — системный подход; системные принципы

English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > concept
12 flows and stocks concept

концепция потоков и запасов

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

maintenance concept — концепция технического обслуживания

concept of full employment — концепция полной занятости

English-Russian base dictionary > flows and stocks concept
13 maintenance concept

концепция технического обслуживания

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

concept of full employment — концепция полной занятости

flows and stocks concept — концепция потоков и запасов

English-Russian big medical dictionary > maintenance concept
14 deferred decision concept

концепция оттяжки срока принятия решения (о радиохимической переработке ОЯТ)

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

flows and stocks concept — концепция потоков и запасов

multifunctional concept — многофункциональное решение

multilayered concept — многоэлементная концепция

English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > deferred decision concept
15 cathode dark space

1. круксово темное пространство

multiple-address space — множественное адресное пространство

deep space area — область дальнего космического пространства

space tracking — слежение за КЛА в космическом пространстве

space partitioning tree — дерево распределения пространства

working space parameters — параметры рабочего пространства

2. катодное темное пространство

space maintenance — сохранение промежуточного пространства

operation of law in space — действие закона в пространстве

joint coordinate space — пространство обобщенных координат

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

color space — тело цветового охвата; цветовое пространство

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > cathode dark space
16 straw man concept

концепция супервизорного управления роботом

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

maintenance concept — концепция технического обслуживания

concept of full employment — концепция полной занятости

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > straw man concept
17 design concept

концепция проекта

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

maintenance concept — концепция технического обслуживания

concept of full employment — концепция полной занятости

English-Russian big medical dictionary > design concept
18 modular concept

модульная концепция

fundamental concept — основная концепция ; основное понятие

concept of abstraction — концепция абстрактных обязательств

concept of form and space — концепция форм и пространства

maintenance concept — концепция технического обслуживания

concept of full employment — концепция полной занятости

The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > modular concept
19 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
20 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland

d. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France

[br]

Swiss/French architect.

[br]

The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.

Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.

One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Honorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.

Bibliography

His chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.

1935, La Ville radieuse.

1946, Propos d'urbanisme.

1950, Le Modular.

Further Reading

P.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.

W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.

——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

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